South African Apartheid-Era Identity Numbers

South African Apartheid-Era Identity Numbers The South African Identity Number of the 1970s and 80s enshrined the Apartheid era ideal of racial registration. It was brought in to effect by the 1950  Population Registration Act  which identified four different racial groups: White, Coloured, Bantu (Black) and others. Over the next two decades, the racial classification of both the Coloured and other groups were extended until by the early 80s there was a total of nine different racial groups being identified. Black Land Act Over the same period, the Apartheid government introduced legislation creating independent homelands for Blacks, effectively making them aliens in their own country. The initial legislation for this actually dated back to before the introduction of Apartheid- the 1913  Black (or Natives) Land Act, which had created reserves in the Transvaal, Orange Free State, and Natal provinces. The Cape province was excluded because Blacks still had a limited franchise (entrenched in the South Africa Act which created the  Union) and which required a two-thirds majority in parliament to remove. Seven percent of the land area of South Africa was dedicated to roughly 67% of the population. With the 1951  Bantu Authorities Act  the Apartheid government lead the way for the establishment of territorial authorities in the reserves. The 1963  Transkei Constitution Act  gave the first of the reserves self-government, and with the 1970  Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act  and 1971  Bantu Homelands Constitution Act  the process was finally legalised. QwaQwa was proclaimed the second self-governing territory in 1974 and two years later, through the Republic of Transkei Constitution Act, the first of the homelands became independent. Racial Categories By the early 80s, through the creation of independent homelands (or  Bantustans), Blacks were no longer considered true citizens of the Republic. The remaining citizens of South Africa were classified according to eight categories: White, Cape Colored, Malay, Griqua, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian, and Other Colored. The South African Identity Number was 13 digits long. The first six digits gave the birth date of the holder (year, month, and date). The next four digits acted as a serial number to distinguish people born on the same day, and to differentiate between the sexes: digits 0000 to 4999 were for females, 5000 to 9999 for males. The eleventh digit indicated whether the holder was ​an SA citizen (0) or not (1)- the latter for foreigners who had rights of residency. The penultimate digit recorded race, according to the above list- from Whites (0) to Other Coloured (7). The final digit of the ID number was an arithmetical control (like the last digit on ISBN numbers). Post-Apartheid The racial criteria for identity numbers was removed by the 1986  Identification Act  (which also repealed the 1952  Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, otherwise known as the Pass Law) whilst the 1986  Restoration of South African Citizenship Act  returned citizenship rights to its Black population.

Repulse travel Pharmaceuticals Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Repulse travel Pharmaceuticals - Coursework Example In order to find out the profitability of the product the Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) accumulated from the product needs to be calculated. Based on the financial data estimates the EBIT of the product is calculated. However the calculation of EBIT, the depreciation was also needed to be calculated on a straight line basis based on the formula: Depreciation= (Historical cost- Residual value)/ Life of the Asset (Gupta, & Sharma, n. d, p.376) In order to calculate the EBIT, the sales value was considered and the total amount of fixed cost and variable cost was subtracted to get the ultimate results (Correia, et al, 2007, p.3-4). Based on the calculation shown in Appendix 2 the company will reap a profit of ?185,000 annually from the launch of the new product. However the figures of sales are based on assumption. The change in market condition and the rise of competitor in the market however can cause a variability in the sales which has not been considered in the calculation of the EBIT or the operating profit of the product. After the profitability of the project is considered, a look at the total cash flow using the undiscounted method is taken into consideration. For the calculation of the cash flow, the difference of the cash inflow and the cash outflow is considered. An assumption has been made in the calculation of the cash flow as the cash inflows are taken to be constant for the five years. Total cash flow is calculated based on the formula of Total cash flow = Total of cash inflow – Cash outflow. (Ahmed & Meehan, 2011, p.599) The calculation done on Appendix 3 shows that the total cash flow of the company is ?475000 However the undiscounted method for cash flow evaluation does not provide a true picture as the future value of the money... The research analyzes the feasibility of the new product to be launched by Repulse Travel Pharmaceutical. During the analysis, the data have been taken based on the estimate of the research. The financial parameters which have been taken into consideration are the payback period, Net Present Value analysis, and Sensitivity analysis. The result of the payback period reveals that the product will take a period of 3.5 years to generate the total amount invested by the organization in its implementation. Considering the total lifetime of the project to be 5 years as decided by the company, the time period of 3.5 years seems predominantly long. However further studies were conducted and the result of the discounted cash flow analysis, involving NPV suggested that the project has a positive result and is quite viable to be implemented. In the sensitivity analysis factors of demand and the selling price was manipulated to observe the change in NPV under each case. The results show that the decrease in demand or the selling price of the product will put the product in danger. However it is suggested that the organization can implement the product if they can maintain a constant demand of the product and they should be specific in not decreasing the unit selling price below 10 percent from the original value of 7, as found in the sensitivity analysis. Further the organization must consider a thorough market analysis to understand how the product will perform in the market after a comparative analysis of the competitors.

Psychology. Diary Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychology. Diary Activity - Essay Example Submissive Diary Exercises: 1. I should more aggressive in fulfilling what I want to achieve in life. I should be assertive of my rights, and I should be submissive to the rule and policies of the schools. 2. I should be more assertive of my right to be heard when I am accused of something that I have not done. I should be less passive when I feeling that my rights are being trampled. 3. I should be more assertive in expressing what I want to do. I should be less aggressive when explaining my points. Activity: 1. When you were late for the third time and I feel all right because you were always apologetic. 2. When you raise your price in the clinic, I feel unhappy because I cannot afford the price anymore. 3. When you complained of not getting the result, I feel frustrated because you did not implement what were recommended. 4. When my partner leaves his dishes in the sink after coming home late from work, I feel irritated because he continued to do so for a week. 5. When you borrow my car, I feel irritated because you left it without petroleum. Diary Exercise: 1. A situation where I said yes but would have wanted to say no was when I was asked to donate some money for a non-governmental organization. 2. I wished to say no because I was afraid I will be short of money. 3. I decided to say yes because I do not want to disappoint the expectations my classmates. 4. I felt good because I have something good for humanity and that I did not embarrass my classmate. 5. I feel that I earned his respect. 6. I would have preferred saying yes. After all I can ask from my parent additional allowance for school. Page 43 1. Active listening reduces the defensiveness of the other person because when one is actively listening he can effectively employ...Where in her childhood a woman experienced humiliation or never appreciated or recognized for what she had done or said she will not feel comfortable of expressing her thoughts even when she becomes older. 3. Language is a barrier to assertion. When a person cannot express his thoughts and his ideas because he does not have ample language facility he cannot assert his point. It is important therefore that a person must have a rich world bank so that he can competently express what he has in his mind. 1. Active listening reduces the defensiveness of the other person because when one is actively listening he can effectively employ different skills that would physiologically and psychologically encourage the speaker. The listener can be persist, or negotiate or employ the three-part messages of assertion. Scenario 1: There is the need fro active listening and assertion. As soon as the client is ready to listen there is the need to explain the process and explore on the needs. The client must collaborate and must be patient undergo the process of treatment. He should be willing to put his trust. Mapping can be utilized in this situation. Scenario 2: There is the need to come up with an action plan that must be implemented or carried out so that it would be clear who would work on it, how it should be done, and when it shou

Confidence and Arrogance Essay Example for Free

Confidence and Arrogance Essay â€Å"Life for both sexes — and I looked at them, shouldering their way along the pavement — is arduous, difficult, a perpetual struggle. It calls for gigantic courage and strength. More than anything, perhaps, creatures of illusion as we are, it calls for confidence in oneself. Without self-confidence we are as babes in the cradle. â€Å" - Virginia Wolf, A room of one’s own, chapter 2 (1929). I was going through the writing of Virginia wolf last night and I realized how practically relevant these phrases are. I engrossed myself into my abilities and the struggle I do everyday to push myself towards the invisible boundaries. This is something make me explore more on my own way. I am determined not to look through books or dictionaries which can only define these words but I am feeling an urge to define from my surrounding. Within my experiences what are those mental-images and facts that I can link to confidence and arrogance. From corporate world to academics, we encountered various situations and people around them responded to these in a variety of different ways. I believe we would be able to develop a marathon debate on this topic. It would be better to cut the long story into short. One of those controversial misunderstanding, I would love to introduce here. The famous astronomer and philosopher Galileo was often considered as arrogant while he was opposing Pope and geocentric ideas. The arrogant ideas of him put him into the daylight and the truth came out of superstitions that already had been embedded on people’s minds. If we look around we would be able to spot so many examples of how arrogance and confidence are often misunderstood. Someone said earlier that confidence is arrogance under control. But distinct characteristics can be differentiated within these two separate categories of people. Confident persons dwell within a sea of tranquility. They are aware of their limitations and strengths. They deal with the situation seizing an immense positivity and work hard enough to produce result. These types of people can be easy to cooperate with. Confident guys would not be baffled by criticisms and what other people think about them. Arrogant are those who are having overbearing pride and belief in him. They treat others as inferiors and often people get annoyed by these activities. They can only value themselves by putting others down. I think confessing truth or mistake is a significant sign of confidence. But arrogance people most likely to hide their own mistake and they will accuse others for any blunders. We as a human being more civilized than any other life forms. Our superior intelligence is not only giving us freedom to make a comfortable world for us but also to become more responsible than before. Confidence and arrogance of human civilization can be used as a positive and fruitful way for a more harmonized world.

Epidemiology Of Varsity Sports :: essays research papers fc

Epidemiology of Varsity Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varsity sports is in many schools as important as academics, especially in the United States. These schools rely a great deal on the success of their teams for financial stability and enrollment interest. The athletes as well take their sport very seriously, if only for the sake of their pride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It therefore follows that each team strives to be the very best, and only 100% effort is enough. Unfortunately, when competition climaxes, more often than not injuries result. This study is a synopsis of the data collected in a number of past articles concerned with injuries incurred by collegiate athletes in many different varsity sports. For the purpose of this study, an injury has been defined as any abnormal condition that has caused an athlete to be removed from practice or competition for one or more days, because performance has been impaired (Hanes and Murray, 1982). The following statistics will deal with injuries of collegiate sports incurred by athletes involved in Men's and Women's Basketball, Baseball, Gymnastics and Track and Field, Men's Soccer, and Wrestling, and Women's Field Hockey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BASKETBALL The study of the nature and extent of athletic injuries Occuring in Women's Basketball by Hanes and Murray in 1982 found an injury rate of 41.7 per 100 players. Of these injuries 56.9% were ankle sprains, 24.1% were muscle strains. 76.2% of the sprains and strains occurred to the lower extremities. Injured fingers ( which were the only upper extremity injuries) accounted for 14.3% of the injuries and 4.8% of the injuries were reported as facial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All information for this study was collected through the use of injury forms completed by the coaches, and information forms by each player, injured or not. In a separate study for the American Journal of Sports Medicine by Clarke and Buckley in 1980 on injuries incurred in collegiate Women's Basketball, there was an injury rate of 20.3 per 100 players. There was a reported incidence of 53% sprains, and 4% strains. 40% of all injuries sustained were to the lower extremities. In the same study Clarke and Buckley found similar results in Men's Varsity Basketball to that of the Women's. The men reported 20.7 per 100 players suffering injuries, 54% of those being sprains, 6% being strains with 37% of the injuries Occuring to the lower extremity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All the data collected by Clarke and Buckley was received from the National Athletic Injury/ Illness Recording System (NAIRS).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BASEBALL Clark and Buckley have also examined Men's and Women's Baseball in their study The reported injury rate for this particular sport was 9.2% (men's) and 8.7% (women's). Sprains occurred 37% and 40% respectively, strains accounted

How and why are American Families changing Essay

Family polishes individuals like in an institution, but the American family is gradually losing the status of an alma mater. The main setback suffered is devaluation and deficient functioning. Devaluation is evident from a decline in its perusal by new generation and deficient functioning due to economic burdens, ethical vacuum and reluctance in offering unsung sacrifices to raise a family. (Benokraitis) Three factors can be ruled out as the primary functionaries in shaping up the current family setup. Firstly, the lack of religious involvement leads to a decline in performance of moral duties. Raising a family is not fun but a responsibility laden task. Without moral pressures, few young minds will take pains to shoulder the burden of acting responsibly. Secondly, devaluation of family as an inspirational medium is also leading the minds to lose interest in it. Economic pressures, social injustices in the first place destabilized families which then gradually lost their own grounds. (Benokraitis) Thirdly a vast, open spouse market does not let many to settle seriously, carry the burdens of family life. Mostly youngsters are falling prey to this. Many with their bad experiences leave the idea of settling ever even before practicing it. (Benokraitis) Thus, we see that even these three factors are intimately interconnected. To revitalize the family institution individuals with their moral, religious, educational, social faults have to be analyzed and corrected. Our parents enjoyed much better coherent family setups. Technologically and educationally they were far behind. However, psychological, emotional development of them was superior to us.

Causes and Effects of Distracted Driving Essay examples

The Causes and Effects of Distracted Driving Distracted driving is one of the fastest growing problems in the United States. It is starting to be considered as serious as drunk driving based on the dangerous outcomes. According to the Department of Transportation (2012), â€Å"distracted driving was a cause of roughly 450,000 accident-related injuries and nearly 5,500 fatalities in 2009 alone† (para. 1). Drivers who allow themselves to become distracted while driving are not only endangering themselves, but other innocent bystanders. According to Esurances’ website (2013), â€Å"there are three main categories of distracted driving; cognitive, manual, and visual† (para. 1). Anything that prevents these three skills from†¦show more content†¦5). Drivers have been listening to music, podcast, and talk radio for countless years; however, as of late, drivers have been starting to use headphones instead of their vehicles speakers. When a driver does this , it decreases their awareness and limits their hearing enough to where they would not hear the warning signs and could cause serious accidents. Manual distractions are when the driver takes their hands off the wheel to do something other than driving. Manual distractions are the easiest to avoid, because the driver can make the choice to not do something. People do not think that messing with an iPod can cause dangers. Although, if the driver thinks about it, it is just the same as messing with a cell phone which is the same distraction. According to the Department of Transportation (2012), â€Å"sending or receiving a text takes a drivers eyes from the road for an average of 4.6 seconds. This is the equivalent to driving at 55 mph-of driving the length of an entire football field blind† (para. 8). There are so many distractions out there that people do them everyday without even thinking that they are endangering themselves and innocent bystanders. Using a cell phone while driving has become the biggest manual distraction while driving. According to a study, conducted by The University of Utah (2013),Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Texting And Driving Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesaround; I was texting and driving. While I was aware of the possible consequences of texting and driving, I did not think too much about it until I collided with this man. I may not have killed the pedestrian, but the jury was unable to convict me of anything because they had no hard proof of my suspected texting and driving. The fourth amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches or seizures, and states that no warrants shall be issued without probable cause. Unfortunately, this meantRead MoreA Public Service Announcement ( Psa ) Can Help Reduce The Number Of Distracted Driving Accidents?957 Words   |  4 PagesAnnouncement (PSA) can help reduce the number of distracted driving accidents by explaining the horrible effects of distracted dr iving and the best ways to prevent distracted driving. Currently, the main source of distracted driving is cell phones. Cell phones cause a person to text, call, and use social media while driving; all factors that can be a deadly distraction while driving. A cell phone causes much distraction for the driver and may cause the driver to have a car crash that not only affectsRead MoreDistracted Driving Is The Most Dangerous Distraction Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesprohibiting distracted driving by understanding the risk factors, and the effects of distracted driving. 1 Topic A: Details B: Quotations C: Example 1: Explanation 2. Analysis What is Distracted driving? 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In fact a ban on cell phones and driving may very well increase the acc ident and fatality rate because driversRead MoreDistracted Driving Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesDistracted driving is very dangerous to everyone on the road ways.   Distracted driving is engaging in non-driving activities that distracts the driver from the primary task of driving (SIRS).   In 2015, 3,477 people were killed in crashes involving a distracted driver (CDC).   Each year about 421,000 people are injured in crashes involving a distracted driver (Edgar Snyder).   Ã‚  Drivers would not be texting if their message was not very important.   Ã‚  Distracted driving should be illegal and security devices